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Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica :... Jun 2010The salivary proteome is a complex protein mixture resulting from the activity of salivary glands with the contribution of other components that form the oral... (Review)
Review
The salivary proteome is a complex protein mixture resulting from the activity of salivary glands with the contribution of other components that form the oral environment such as oral tissues and micro-organisms. For diagnosis purposes, saliva collection has the great advantage of being an easy and non-invasive technique. Human saliva proteomics have proven to be a novel approach in the search for protein biomarkers for detection of different local and systemic diseases. Currently, more than 1400 salivary proteins have been identified. In the last few years, our research group has extensively studied the salivary proteomics in order to analyse the salivary composition, investigating the major families of proteins present in human and mammalian saliva, the post-translational modifications, the different contributions of glands, the physiological and pathological modifications of saliva. The aim of this report is to present our personal experience in salivary proteomics. In conclusion, salivary proteome analysis represents an important field both for diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases and could be considered a novel approach to prevention of various pathological conditions.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Saliva
PubMed: 20948587
DOI: No ID Found -
The European Respiratory Journal Aug 2000Over the past few years cellular and biochemical sputum examinations have become important instruments to assess airway inflammation. The aim of this review is to... (Review)
Review
Over the past few years cellular and biochemical sputum examinations have become important instruments to assess airway inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize new methodological developments and aspects, which are currently under investigation. The use of isotonic saline has increased safety of inductions in patients with severe asthma and in children. The origin of sputum is better understood, as is the need to standardize the volume and duration of induction. It also needs to be borne in mind that the induction procedure itself is able to cause changes in sputum composition. However, the basic induction and processing procedures have not changed much over the last few years, and therefore the method is still time consuming. The analysis of ECP in lysed sputum cells as a marker for the number of eosinophils has been suggested to overcome this problem, but needs further validation. Furthermore, storage of sputum has been studied, as well as early fixation or freezing of sputum cells to elongate the time between induction and processing. Differential cell counts by flow cytometry are still difficult, but the method has increased knowledge concerning lymphocyte subsets and the activation status of sputum cells. The use of induced sputum to noninvasively measure airway inflammation in clinical trials will offer additional information, but the proper use and interpretation of sputum outcome parameters will need further investigation.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Methods; Safety; Saline Solution, Hypertonic; Sputum; Time Factors
PubMed: 10968514
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16b26.x -
Scientific Reports Sep 2020Malpighian tubules, analogous to vertebrate nephrons, play a key role in insect osmoregulation and detoxification. Tubules can become infected with a protozoan,...
Malpighian tubules, analogous to vertebrate nephrons, play a key role in insect osmoregulation and detoxification. Tubules can become infected with a protozoan, Malpighamoeba, which damages their epithelial cells, potentially compromising their function. Here we used a modified Ramsay assay to quantify the impact of Malpighamoeba infection on fluid secretion and P-glycoprotein-dependent detoxification by desert locust Malpighian tubules. Infected tubules have a greater surface area and a higher fluid secretion rate than uninfected tubules. Infection also impairs P-glycoprotein-dependent detoxification by reducing the net rhodamine extrusion per surface area. However, due to the increased surface area and fluid secretion rate, infected tubules have similar total net extrusion per tubule to uninfected tubules. Increased fluid secretion rate of infected tubules likely exposes locusts to greater water stress and increased energy costs. Coupled with reduced efficiency of P-glycoprotein detoxification per surface area, Malpighamoeba infection is likely to reduce insect survival in natural environments.
Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Amebiasis; Amoebida; Animals; Biological Transport; Bodily Secretions; Epithelial Cells; Grasshoppers; Infections; Malpighian Tubules; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 32994425
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72598-z -
Viruses Nov 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles secreted by all cell types (including virus infected and uninfected cells) into the extracellular... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles secreted by all cell types (including virus infected and uninfected cells) into the extracellular milieu. EVs carry, protect, and transport a wide array of bioactive cargoes to recipient/target cells. EVs regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes in recipient cells and are important in therapeutics/drug delivery. Despite these great attributes of EVs, an efficient protocol for EV separation from biofluids is lacking. Numerous techniques have been adapted for the separation of EVs with size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based methods being the most promising. Here, we review the SEC protocols used for EV separation, and discuss opportunities for significant improvements, such as the development of novel particle purification liquid chromatography (PPLC) system capable of tandem purification and characterization of biological and synthetic particles with near-single vesicle resolution. Finally, we identify future perspectives and current issues to make PPLC a tool capable of providing a unified, automated, adaptable, yet simple and affordable particle separation resource.
Topics: Bodily Secretions; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Culture Media; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans
PubMed: 34835078
DOI: 10.3390/v13112272 -
The American Journal of Clinical... May 2017
Topics: Humans; Infant Formula; Milk; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 28424182
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155721 -
Bone Research Aug 2023Proper regulation of Wnt signaling is critical for normal bone development and homeostasis. Mutations in several Wnt signaling components, which increase the activity of...
Proper regulation of Wnt signaling is critical for normal bone development and homeostasis. Mutations in several Wnt signaling components, which increase the activity of the pathway in the skeleton, cause high bone mass in human subjects and mouse models. Increased bone mass is often accompanied by severe headaches from increased intracranial pressure, which can lead to fatality and loss of vision or hearing due to the entrapment of cranial nerves. In addition, progressive forehead bossing and mandibular overgrowth occur in almost all subjects. Treatments that would provide symptomatic relief in these subjects are limited. Porcupine-mediated palmitoylation is necessary for Wnt secretion and binding to the frizzled receptor. Chemical inhibition of porcupine is a highly selective method of Wnt signaling inhibition. We treated three different mouse models of high bone mass caused by aberrant Wnt signaling, including homozygosity for loss-of-function in Sost, which models sclerosteosis, and two strains of mice carrying different point mutations in Lrp5 (equivalent to human G171V and A214V), at 3 months of age with porcupine inhibitors for 5-6 weeks. Treatment significantly reduced both trabecular and cortical bone mass in all three models. This demonstrates that porcupine inhibition is potentially therapeutic for symptomatic relief in subjects who suffer from these disorders and further establishes that the continued production of Wnts is necessary for sustaining high bone mass in these models.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Bodily Secretions; Disease Models, Animal; Gain of Function Mutation; Hyperostosis; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; Mutation
PubMed: 37612291
DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00278-5 -
Life Science Alliance Dec 2020This study reports that parathymosin (PTMS) is secreted by hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells (htNSC) to inhibit senescence of recipient cells such as fibroblasts. Upon...
This study reports that parathymosin (PTMS) is secreted by hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells (htNSC) to inhibit senescence of recipient cells such as fibroblasts. Upon release, PTMS is rapidly transferred into the nuclei of various cell types, including neuronal GT1-7 cells and different peripheral cells, and it is effectively transferred into neuronal nuclei in various brain regions in vivo. Notably, brain neurons also produce and release PTMS, and because neuronal populations are large, they are important for maintaining PTMS in the cerebrospinal fluid which is further transferable into the blood. Compared with several other brain regions, the hypothalamus is stronger for long-distance PTMS transfer, supporting a key hypothalamic role in this function. In physiology, aging is associated with declines in PTMS production and transfer in the brain, and knockdown in the hypothalamus versus hippocampus were studied showing different contributions to neurobehavioral physiology. In conclusion, the brain is an endocrine organ through secretion and nuclear transfer of PTMS, and the hypothalamus-brain orchestration of this function is protective in physiology and counteractive against aging-related disorders.
Topics: Animals; Bodily Secretions; Brain; Endocrine Glands; Fibroblasts; Hippocampus; Hypothalamus; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Stem Cells; Thymosin
PubMed: 33087487
DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000917 -
Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of... Mar 2020Mucin secretion by salivary mucous glands is mediated predominantly by parasympathetic acetylcholine activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors via increased...
Mucin secretion by salivary mucous glands is mediated predominantly by parasympathetic acetylcholine activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors via increased intracellular free calcium ([Ca]) and activation of conventional protein kinase C isozymes (cPKC). However, the parasympathetic co-neurotransmitter, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), also initiates secretion, but to a lesser extent. In the present study, cross talk between VIP- and muscarinic-induced mucin secretion was investigated using isolated rat sublingual tubuloacini. VIP-induced secretion is mediated by cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA), independently of increased [Ca]. Synergistic secretion between VIP and the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, was demonstrated but only with submaximal carbachol. Carbachol has no effect on cAMP ± VIP. Instead, PKA activated by VIP releases Ca from an intracellular pool maintained by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase pump. Calcium release was independent of phospholipase C activity. The resultant sustained [Ca] increase is additive to submaximal, but not maximal carbachol-induced [Ca]. Synergistic mucin secretion was mimicked by VIP plus either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or 0.01 μM thapsigargin, and blocked by the PKC inhibitor, Gö6976. VIP-induced Ca release also promoted store-operated Ca entry. Synergism is therefore driven by VIP-mediated [Ca] augmenting cPKC activity to enhance muscarinic mucin secretion. Additional data suggest ryanodine receptors control VIP/PKA-mediated Ca release from a Ca pool also responsive to maximal carbachol. A working model of muscarinic and VIP control of mucous cell exocrine secretion is presented. Results are discussed in relation to synergistic mechanisms in other secretory cells, and the physiological and therapeutic significance of VIP/muscarinic synergism controlling salivary mucous cell exocrine secretion.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Bodily Secretions; Calcium; Cholinergic Agents; Isoenzymes; Male; Mucins; Muscarinic Agonists; Phorbol Esters; Protein Kinase C; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Muscarinic; Salivary Glands; Thapsigargin; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 31932898
DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02348-7 -
Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2021Mucus protects the epithelium against invaders and toxic materials. Sticky and thick mucus is characteristic of CF.
BACKGROUND
Mucus protects the epithelium against invaders and toxic materials. Sticky and thick mucus is characteristic of CF.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this systematic review is to characterize the specific mucins secreted in the lung and intestinal tract of CF patients.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted up to December 31, 2019. The following terms were used: "cystic fibrosis" AND "mucin." Case-control studies comparing mucin expression in CF patients to healthy controls were included.
RESULTS
We found 741 eligible studies, 694 studies were rejected because they were performed in animals and not in full text, and 32 studies were excluded being editorials, duplications, review articles, meta-analysis, or not in English. Fifteen studies were eligible for our study, including 150 CF patients compared to 82 healthy controls, all fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The main mucin types expressed in the sinus submucosal glands, sputum, tracheobronchial surface epithelium, and lung submucosal glands were MUC5AC and MUC5B. Increase in the number of sinusoidal submucosal glands and expression of MUC5B was found in CF patients, but no such difference from healthy controls was found for the number of goblet cells in the surface epithelium nor in the expression of -MUC5AC. The opposite was found in the tracheobronchial surface epithelium and in the lungs.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased expression of MUC5AC in the surface epithelium and of MUC5B in the subepithelial glands may be the result of higher secretion rate of mucin into the lumen of the respiratory tract, causing mucus plaque, infection, and inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Bodily Secretions; Case-Control Studies; Cystic Fibrosis; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Lung; Mucin 5AC; Mucin-5B; Mucins
PubMed: 33049746
DOI: 10.1159/000512268 -
BMJ Case Reports Aug 2019
Topics: Abdominal Abscess; Bodily Secretions; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Female; Humans; Umbilicus; Urachus; Young Adult
PubMed: 31420441
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231139